{"id":5283,"date":"2020-11-07T11:35:41","date_gmt":"2020-11-07T16:35:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/?p=3566"},"modified":"2020-11-07T11:35:41","modified_gmt":"2020-11-07T16:35:41","slug":"joe-biden-his-life-his-values-and-the-next-four-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/united-states\/joe-biden-his-life-his-values-and-the-next-four-years\/","title":{"rendered":"Joe Biden: His Life, His Values, and the Next Four Years"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">\u201cThe election ain\u2019t over until every vote is counted,\u201d Joe Biden <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/live-news-updates\/2020\/11\/03\/online-election-coverage-2020-results-polls-reaction-201103\">said<\/a> to a drive-in crowd of supporters 12:45 a.m. Wednesday in his hometown of Wilmington, Delaware. \u201cEvery time I walked out of my grandpa\u2019s house in Scranton, he would say, \u2018Joe, keep the faith.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We kept the faith, and Joe has won.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Democrats\u2019 lofty ambitions \u2013 blue Florida, blue North Carolina, <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.fivethirtyeight.com\/2020-election-forecast\/texas\/\">blue <em>Texas?<\/em><\/a><em> <\/em>\u2013 &nbsp;may have evaporated, but former vice president Joe Biden indeed has eked out an Electoral College victory. With his nail-biter win of Pennsylvania <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/politics\/live-news\/trump-biden-election-results-11-07-20\/index.html\">called Saturday morning<\/a>, Biden is all but certain to become the forty-sixth president of the United States. His campaign presented a moderate, stable alternative to the volatility of the Trump administration and capitalized on the Covid-19 pandemic to set forth a progressive policy agenda while winning back the Democratic &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/11\/04\/us\/politics\/biden-polls.html\">blue wall<\/a>.&#8221; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden\u2019s life is one of gaffes, personal tragedies, and political setbacks \u2013 but also underdog victories. His style of pragmatism and coalition-building combined with statesmanship and old-fashioned competence will define the next four years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>I. JOE IMPEDIMENTA<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden\u2019s working-class upbringing and Pennsylvania heritage are something of a political asset: they gave him the credibility needed to win back the crucial blue-collar midwestern voters Hillary Clinton <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/clintons-ground-game-didnt-cost-her-the-election\/\">lost<\/a> in 2016. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1942. His father was a wealthy business owner who lost everything when business <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-biden24-story.html\">soured<\/a> and moved the family to Delaware when Joe was 10 to begin selling used cars and cleaning boilers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden went on to attend the University of Delaware for undergrad and Syracuse University for law school. His absence from the so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.realclearpolitics.com\/video\/2020\/11\/02\/bernie_sanders_democratic_party_has_become_a_party_of_coastal_elites_good_people.html\">\u201ccoastal elite\u201d<\/a> and his modest upbringing helped him to appeal to voters in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m from Scranton. Jill and I grew up 76ers fans,\u201d he said during a Sunday, Nov. 2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=h4QYJUi05-8\">stump speech<\/a> in Philadelphia. Previewing his Election Night address, he turned on the midwestern charm and mentioned his \u201cgrandpop\u2019s house up in Scranton.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden\u2019s final campaign ad of the election emphasized his claim to blue-collar ethos. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/music\/music-news\/bruce-springsteen-joe-biden-hometown-scranton-ad-1084458\/\">60-second commercial<\/a> entitled \u201cHometown\u201d shows scenes of firefighters, cooks, and nurses in Scranton while a voiceover by Bruce Springsteen tells us that Scranton is \u201cmore than where Biden\u2019s from, it\u2019s who he\u2019s for.\u201d Springsteen\u2019s \u201cMy Hometown\u201d plays in the background. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The fact that he lacks the Ivy League educational pedigree common to some of his political peers has led to personal insecurity about how \u201cAmtrak Joe\u201d compares to the likes of the Clintons or his former boss President Barack Obama, says Pulitzer Prize-winner Evan Osnos in <em>Joe Biden: The Life, the Run, and What Matters Now<\/em>. Biden will be the first Democratic president without an Ivy League degree since Jimmy Carter. (Carter went to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usna.edu\/Notables\/featured\/01carter.php\">U.S. Naval Academy<\/a>.) Biden has occasionally fallen into scandals with respect to his educational background: he <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/cd977f7ff301993f7976974ba07c5495\">lied<\/a> about his law school class rank during his first presidential campaign in 1986 (he graduated seventy-sixth in a class of eighty-five) and subsequently told a reporter \u201cI think I probably have a much higher I.Q. than you do!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/510px-Joe_Biden_first_official_photo.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3559\" \/><figcaption>Biden&#8217;s first official photo, early 1973, weeks after his wife Neilia and daughter Naomi died in a car accident (Photo: Wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden\u2019s strongest memory from his childhood is his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stutteringhelp.org\/content\/joe-biden\">overcoming<\/a> a severe stutter, an experience which endowed him with a strong desire for respect, a hatred of bullying, and a fear of embarrassment. The speech impediment earned him the nickname \u201cJoe Impedimenta.\u201d He reflected in his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/articles\/joe-biden-excerpt\">memoir<\/a>, \u201cIt was like having to stand in the corner with the dunce cap. Even today I remember the dread, the shame, the absolute rage, as vividly as the day it was happening.\u201d When Biden calls Donald Trump \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/07\/05\/joe-biden-on-trump-he-is-the-bully-i-have-known-my-whole-life.html\">the bully I knew my whole life,<\/a>\u201d he seethes. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>II. A FIFTY-YEAR POLITICAL CAREER<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden was elected Senator from Delaware in 1972 at the age of 29, just four years out of law school. It was the same year Nixon won reelection in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.270towin.com\/1972_Election\/\">landslide<\/a> amid the Watergate scandal. In Biden\u2019s first campaign, he opposed the Vietnam War and emphasized his youth in comparison to a stodgy incumbent. He won by three thousand votes. As an outsider in Washington and a political underdog, Biden embraced the popular views of his constituents and followed the Democratic party line when navigating difficult issues of race, crime, and foreign policy in the 1970s and 80s. Overall, Biden\u2019s political career is that of a hardworking outsider who came to rely on personal relationships and bipartisanship to produce results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Joe_Biden_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Joe_Biden_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg 800w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Joe_Biden_and_Jimmy_Carter-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Joe_Biden_and_Jimmy_Carter-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Biden and President Jimmy Carter in the Oval Office, circa 1978 (Photo: Wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>BIPARTISANSHIP AND CENTRISM<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Relationship-building in Washington was Biden\u2019s key to a quick rise in the Senate. By 1980, he was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-biden24-story.html\">chair of the Judiciary Committee<\/a>, where he lead contentious confirmation hearings in opposition to Clarence Thomas and Robert Bork. As a three-decade member and longtime leader of the Foreign Relations Committee, he frequently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/politics\/why-bidens-long-foreign-policy-record-could-be-a-liability\">collaborated<\/a> with conservatives, for better or worse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He became known for forming personal relationships with both with politicians across the aisle and political leaders across the globe. His former national security advisor Julianne Smith said of Biden, \u201cYou can drop him into Kazakhstan or Bahrain, it doesn\u2019t matter \u2013 he\u2019s gonna find some Joe Blow that he met thirty years ago who\u2019s now running the place.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Biden-Church-Sadat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Biden-Church-Sadat.jpg 800w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Biden-Church-Sadat-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Biden-Church-Sadat-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Biden meets Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, 1979 (Photo: Wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1974, Biden <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonian.com\/1974\/06\/01\/joe-biden-kitty-kelley-1974-profile-death-and-the-all-american-boy\/\">described<\/a> himself as liberal with respect to senior citizens\u2019 issues and healthcare, but conservative about social issues. He conducted his political career as a relative centrist, and his record contains a fair few missteps which dog him still. The ugliest is his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/06\/25\/us\/joe-biden-crime-laws.html\">authorship<\/a> of the sweeping 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act which instituted the draconian <a href=\"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/stanford-justice-advocacy-project\/three-strikes-basics\/\">three-strikes law<\/a> in an effort to combat the crime epidemic. The injustices of that bill hurt black communities <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/race\/news\/2019\/05\/10\/469642\/3-ways-1994-crime-bill-continues-hurt-communities-color\/\">to this day<\/a>. Early in his career, he was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/07\/15\/us\/politics\/biden-busing.html\">outspoken<\/a> against federally mandated busing to remedy de facto segregation. He <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/06\/21\/us\/politics\/biden-gay-rights-lgbt.html\">voted<\/a> for the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996 and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/12\/us\/politics\/joe-biden-iraq-war.html\">for the Iraq war<\/a> in 2002, as well as for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/wall-street-regulation-biden-trump-election-11602601181\">deregulation<\/a> of Wall Street as part of the Democratic party\u2019s embrace of neoliberalism beginning in the 1970s. That record is a tough pill to swallow for progressives this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Biden_Crime_Bill.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Biden_Crime_Bill.jpg 800w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Biden_Crime_Bill-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Biden_Crime_Bill-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Biden speaks at the signing of the 1994 Crime Bill (Photo: Wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>However, when uncertain, he generally followed the \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/gametheory101.com\/tag\/median-voter-theorem\/\">median voter theorem<\/a>\u201d (broadly, the consensus opinion of his constituents) and listened to the advice of those close to him. The 1994 crime bill was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2019\/09\/joe-biden-crime-bill-and-americans-short-memory\/597547\/\">supported<\/a> by black leaders and community members in its day \u2013 including Representative James Clyburn of South Carolina, now the highest-ranking Black member of Congress \u2013 who were horrified by the scourge of crack. The bill was not controversial in its time. Busing was controversial nationally, yet Biden&#8217;s majority-white Delaware constituency <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/07\/15\/us\/politics\/biden-busing.html\">felt fervently<\/a> that courts should not be able to order it in the absence of <em>de jure<\/em> segregation. His embrace of the neoliberal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jacobinmag.com\/2018\/08\/joe-biden-neoliberal-democrat-conservative-lobbying\">\u201cthird way\u201d<\/a> was common to the entire struggling Democratic party beginning in the \u201870s. His record is far from perfect, but Biden admits his failures and learn from his mistakes. \u201cI haven\u2019t always been right,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/biden-apologizes-for-pushing-hardline-laws-on-crime-immigration-in-1990s-2019-1\">he said in 2019<\/a> about the crime bill. \u201cI know we haven\u2019t always gotten things right, but we\u2019ve always tried.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Bill_Clinton_and_officials_on_Air_Force_One.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Bill_Clinton_and_officials_on_Air_Force_One.jpg 800w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Bill_Clinton_and_officials_on_Air_Force_One-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/Bill_Clinton_and_officials_on_Air_Force_One-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Aboard Air Force One with President Bill Clinton, 1997 (Photo: Wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden is an unapologetic centrist. His career required him to navigate difficult questions; missteps were inevitable. But a president who listens to the will of his constituents and does not promise perfection will be a refreshing change from the current administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>COMPETENCE<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrary to his portrayals on <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Wsije1KetVw\">Saturday Night Live<\/a><\/em> and in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/politics.theonion.com\/shirtless-biden-washes-trans-am-in-white-house-driveway-1819570732\">The Onion<\/a><\/em>, Biden has also built a reputation for technocratic competence and attention to detail. Part of this harks back to some of the unabashedly positive achievements of his Senate career. The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 has been called by the ACLU \u201cone of the most <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/letter\/aclu-letter-senate-judiciary-committee-regarding-violence-against-women-act-2005-s-1197\">effective<\/a> pieces of legislation enacted to end domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking.\u201d In the Judiciary Committee, he led the hearings in successful opposition to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/12\/21\/789323826\/for-joe-biden-1987-brought-triumph-in-the-wake-of-political-setback\">Robert Bork<\/a>, Ronald Reagan\u2019s 1987 Supreme Court nominee. (To \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/bork\">bork<\/a>\u201d someone now means to thwart resoundingly a candidate for public office.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As vice president, he took on significant responsibility for the recovery following the 2008 recession. He oversaw the entire $787 billion stimulus program, speaking with hundreds of mayors nationwide while assessing infrastructure proposals and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2020\/10\/biden-wants-transform-america-really\/616748\/\">obsessing<\/a> over the possibility (or appearance) of corruption. The experience of overseeing a complicated infrastructure spending program previews the work he will have to do as president to coordinate the coronavirus response. In the White House, Obama valued his quality of questioning assumptions and finding \u201cdeal space\u201d within complex disagreements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The themes of competence and moderation were the centerpiece of Biden\u2019s campaign. His <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/how-joe-biden-could-win-the-2020-democratic-nomination\/\">campaign strategy<\/a> was a low risk one: he hoped to win back the white working class of the battleground states Clinton lost in 2016. \u201cPennsylvania is critical to this election,\u201d he noted straightforwardly in his Nov. 2 Philadelphia stump speech. (Before the election, poll analysts like Nate Silver said Pennsylvania, as the likeliest Electoral College <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/why-pennsylvania-could-decide-the-2020-election\/\">tipping point state<\/a>, was as important as several other swing states put together.) Biden\u2019s campaign was optimistic, yet realistic, about his paths to victory in the electoral college.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Like during his Senate career, Biden\u2019s policy prescriptions this campaign mostly emphasized <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/biden-moderates-former-republicans\/2020\/10\/12\/85b29d58-0a71-11eb-a166-dc429b380d10_story.html\">moderation<\/a>. Especially given the uncertainty wrought by the Covid-19 pandemic, his campaign bet that a message of stability would attract moderates while still turning out Democratic partisans. \u201cDo I look like a socialist with a soft spot for rioters?\u201d he <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/video\/politics\/biden-do-i-look-like-a-radical-socialist-with-a-soft-spot-for-rioters\/2020\/08\/31\/eab136ef-88c7-4b84-a990-3c21dd0afb8d_video.html\">said<\/a> in August. He often reminds voters of his role \u2013 or at least, his <em>presence<\/em> \u2013 in the relative calm of the Obama years. \u201cI was with Barack yesterday,\u201d he says occasionally in stump speeches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Throughout the campaign, he has marketed his competence by releasing a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/politics\/meet-the-press\/blog\/meet-press-blog-latest-news-analysis-data-driving-political-discussion-n988541\/ncrd1239610#blogHeader\">detailed policy agenda<\/a> regarding Covid-19, healthcare, race, and other issues important to Americans. He spoke knowledgeably about his policy ideas in a <a href=\"https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/live-updates\/joe-biden-abc-news-town-hall\/?id=73596337\">refreshingly boring<\/a> October 16 town hall on ABC News. In a made-for-TV moment, he even stayed after the cameras stopped rolling to keep talking to voters. Despite his stutter and his bumbling reputation, Biden during the town hall adeptly teased out the crux of complex issues and identified trends like the barriers Black Americans face in the accumulation of wealth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, Biden has a reputation in Washington as being a bit long-winded. James Comey wrote in his memoir that a typical Biden conversation originates in \u201cDirection A\u201d before heading in \u201cDirection Z.\u201d When meeting with him, colleagues leave an extra \u201cBiden hour\u201d in their schedules for talking. When Obama offered Biden a spot as his running mate, he told him \u201cI want your point of view, Joe. I just want it in ten-minute increments, not sixty-minute increments.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Biden_Obama_3bcondensed-1024x712.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3561\" \/><figcaption>Biden\u2019s first speech following the announcement of his candidacy for vice president, 2008 (Photo: Wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Not only is he prone to meandering, but he has also come to be known for the countless gaffes he has made throughout his career. A few highlights are when he was caught on mic calling the Affordable Care Act a \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/specials\/packages\/article\/0,28804,1895156_1894977_1846609,00.html\">big fucking deal<\/a>,\u201d prematurely <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/politics\/bidens-flu-gaffe-a-headache-for-obama\/\">warned people not to fly<\/a> during the H1N1 crisis, said the Obama Administration had a <a href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/specials\/packages\/article\/0,28804,1895156_1894977_1846610,00.html\">30% chance<\/a> of getting the Financial Crisis recovery wrong, and called payday lenders \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2014\/09\/joe-biden-shylocks-reaction-111053\">Shylocks<\/a>\u201d \u2013 all during his vice presidency. During this campaign, the most talked-about off-color comment was Biden telling Charlamagne tha God \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/video\/2020\/may\/22\/joe-biden-charlamagne-you-aint-black-trump-video\">you ain\u2019t Black<\/a>\u201d if you support Trump. Biden has a long history of putting his foot in his mouth, and that is unlikely to stop with his election.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/BidenWisconsin-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/BidenWisconsin-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/BidenWisconsin-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/BidenWisconsin-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/BidenWisconsin-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/BidenWisconsin.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Biden campaigns in La Crosse, Wisconsin, October 12, 2012 (Photo: Christopher Dilts via Flickr)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden\u2019s occasionally cynical, no-bullshit takes may be influenced by the horrific personal tragedies he has experienced. In December of 1972, a month after he was first elected to the Senate and before he was even sworn in, his wife Neilia and baby daughter Naomi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=14999603\">died in a car accident<\/a>. During his first several years in the Senate as a single father he returned home to Delaware via an hour-and-a-half <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-biden24-story.html\">Amtrak<\/a> every day to see his sons Hunter and Beau. After his first presidential campaign ended in 1987, he suffered a brain aneurysm that left him bed-ridden for three months. After he recovered, he felt he had been given a \u201csecond chance in life.\u201d Most recently, his son Beau died of a brain tumor in 2015; the death <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2015\/10\/21\/politics\/joe-biden-not-running-2016-election\/index.html\">contributed<\/a> to Biden\u2019s decision not to run for president in 2016. These tragedies have been a driver of Biden\u2019s career: \u201cI know the pain of burying a son. You\u2019ve got to find purpose when you lose a child,\u201d he said Nov. 2 in Philadelphia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>III. THE CHALLENGES, THE AGENDA<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Biden administration will face challenges on many fronts. The Covid-19 pandemic is worsening again in a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5903590\/coronavirus-covid-19-third-wave\/\">third wave<\/a>.\u201d The economic recovery, already far from complete, shows signs of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.morningstar.com\/articles\/1008430\/we-still-expect-a-strong-us-economic-recovery\">stalling<\/a>. Millions of Americans face <a href=\"https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/publications\/issue-briefs\/2020\/aug\/looming-crisis-health-coverage-2020-biennial\">issues<\/a> obtaining affordable healthcare. The left wing of his party is calling on him to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/10\/22\/926607920\/asked-about-court-packing-biden-says-he-will-convene-commission-to-study-reforms\">pack<\/a> the Supreme Court to neutralize its newfound 6-3 conservative majority. The killing of George Floyd has crystallized frustrations with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smithsonian-institution\/long-painful-history-police-brutality-in-the-us-180964098\/\">decades<\/a> of police brutality against Black Americans. In short, 2020 has been a disaster so far and Americans will look to Biden to act decisively to make up for the political decadence of the last four years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden is clear that he does not fit the traditional progressive mold: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/09\/22\/us\/politics\/bidens-response-to-voters-concerned-about-socialism-i-beat-the-socialist.html\">I beat the socialist<\/a>,\u201d he said in September. But Covid-19 required the campaign to take on an urgent tone, and in response, Biden has adopted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/21322478\/joe-biden-overton-window-bidenism\">the most progressive political agenda<\/a> for a Democratic presidential candidate in decades. He was moderate in the primaries, but drifted left in the general, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/politics\/biden-playbook-left-primaries\">flipping the usual script<\/a>. Today, Biden supports curbing qualified immunity (but not defunding the police); expanding the welfare state, including doubling Pell grants and investing $100 billion in affordable housing; a public option for healthcare (but not the abolition of private insurance); and entirely carbon-free power by 2035. Biden\u2019s willingness to embrace some central progressive aims made Bernie Sanders\u2019s <a href=\"%20NPRwww.npr.org%20\u203a%202020\/04\/13%20\u203a%20bernie-sanders-endorses-joe...\">endorsement<\/a> of Biden seem easier than his endorsement of Hillary Clinton was in 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More philosophically, Biden faces the challenge of repairing the country after Trumpism. He must restore faith in institutions ranging from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/magazine\/2020\/10\/29\/supreme-court-begging-for-legitimacy-crisis-433573\">Supreme Court<\/a> to the <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/us-census-lawsuit-pressured-falsify-data-1a899c8af0b2797a7b3456c1354066a2\">Census<\/a> to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/analysts-say-barr-is-eroding-justice-department-independence--without-facing-any-real-personal-consequence\/2020\/06\/24\/459778ca-b647-11ea-a8da-693df3d7674a_story.html\">Department of Justice<\/a>. He will have to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/world\/2018\/6\/12\/17448866\/trump-south-korea-alliance-trudeau-g7\">restore the friendship<\/a> of international allies, and frankly, apologize to them. He will need to deal with the epidemic of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/escalating-terrorism-problem-united-states\">white nationalist terrorism<\/a> in this country. The problems of Trumpism do not end with Trump\u2019s political career.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>IV. WHAT TO EXPECT WHEN YOU\u2019VE ELECTED<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>What can you expect now that it looks like Biden has won?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>FROM NOW \u2018TIL INAUGURATION<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, the Biden campaign will begin the task of fighting chicanery by the Trump administration meant to prevent fair votes from being counted. The Trump misinformation campaign began long before Election Day \u2013 the president has misleadingly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2020\/09\/11\/trumps-fusillade-falsehoods-mail-voting\/\">questioned<\/a> the validity of mail-in ballots for weeks. On Sunday, Trump campaign senior adviser Jason Miller <a href=\"https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/polls-show-tight-races-trump-adviser-predicts-sunbelt\/story?id=73945929\">said on ABC News<\/a> that the Trump campaign would declare victory based on the votes counted on Election Night even if mail-in ballots had not been counted. That harrowing prophecy came true early Wednesday morning: speaking to supporters in the White House just before 3 a.m., President Trump said, \u201cWe were getting ready to win this election \u2013 frankly, we <em>did<\/em> win this election.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Myriad legal battles are brewing. Courts on Monday narrowly <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/regulation\/court-battles\/523959-houston-court-calls-emergency-hearing-on-gop-effort-to-throw-out\">stopped Republicans<\/a> from throwing out drive-through votes in Texas, and Republicans have <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/election-day-legal-challenges-b85ec8351882d5508fde27e8dd6b251d\">sued county officials<\/a> in Pennsylvania for allowing voters to fix problems with their ballots before Election Day. The Biden-Harris campaign luckily has a massive war chest left over earmarked for these legal battles and has assembled an \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2020\/sep\/16\/biden-attorney-legal-fight-election\">army of attorneys<\/a>\u201d to ensure the election is fairly decided. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When (if?) the result is no longer in question, President-elect Biden will begin immediately to set up his administration. The nominations to Cabinet positions and White House roles like chief of staff which will trickle in until Inauguration Day will reveal how progressive his administration may turn out to be. Starting now, Biden\u2019s every action will try to thread the needle between pleasing progressives and keeping moderates. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Traditionally, presidents-elect set up transition teams after Election Day to begin choosing candidates for federal government positions. Trump picked Chris Christie to lead his transition team \u2013 not a good sign right already \u2013 and according to Michael Lewis\u2019s <em>The Fifth Risk<\/em>, ended up shutting the operation down because of how much money he thought it was diverting from his own campaign fund.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden will almost certainly follow tradition and use the time between now and Inauguration Day, Wednesday, January 20, 2021, to <a href=\"https:\/\/presidentialtransition.org\/transition-teams\/\">vet political appointees and set up management structures<\/a> for the countless endlessly complex agencies within the Federal Government. The Center for Presidential Transition says that transition teams should aim to select key White House personnel and nominees for the top 50 Senate-confirmed positions before Thanksgiving. Pundits say Biden is likely to pick <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/21514180\/biden-cabinet-secretary-of-state-defense\">establishment choices<\/a> for the top roles like secretary of state, which is likely to go to Obama\u2019s national security adviser Susan Rice. However, progressives are candidates for other roles, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2020\/08\/21\/joe-biden-cabinet-picks-397905\">Elizabeth Warren<\/a> for Treasury secretary. Doug Jones, who lost his Senate race in Alabama last night, is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/biden-attorney-general-cabinet\/2020\/12\/09\/764758a4-3a4b-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/biden-attorney-general-cabinet\/2020\/12\/09\/764758a4-3a4b-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html\">likely pick<\/a> for attorney general. Biden promises the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2020\/08\/21\/joe-biden-cabinet-picks-397905\">most progressive administration since FDR<\/a>,\u201d but surely will appease moderates and the Republican-controlled Senate by giving the most important (if not all) roles to safe picks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If one thing is certain, it\u2019s that disease expert Anthony Fauci will have a job in the Biden Administration: a day after Trump said he would <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/11\/02\/politics\/donald-trump-anthony-fauci-job-post-election\/index.html\">fire<\/a> Fauci, Biden said he would <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/videos\/2020-11-02\/biden-says-he-ll-hire-dr-fauci-video\">hire<\/a> him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And as Trump begins his lame duck session, the power dynamic between Biden and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/08\/23\/books\/review\/brian-stelter-hoax.html\">antagonistic<\/a> media like Fox News will change. Beginning now, Trump\u2019s foremost cheerleaders will be on their back foot \u2013 they are sure to ramp up attacks on Biden for his age, his perceived radicalism, and his stutter. It might remind one of the Obama era where wearing a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/nation\/2019\/08\/28\/tan-suit-scandal-obama-trump\/\">tan suit<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/barack-obama-donald-trump-russia-investigation-dijon-mustard-scandal-fox-fake-623643\">liking Dijon mustard<\/a> were the biggest scandals of the day. Mainstream news outlets never adapted comfortably to the Trump presidency. (Can you say the word \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/10\/08\/politics\/david-fahrenthold-donald-trump-michael-smerconish\/index.html\">pussy<\/a>\u201d on CNN? Can you put \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/shithole-donald-trump-new-york-times-african-immigation-779041\">shithole<\/a>\u201d in a <em>New York Times<\/em> headline?) Without ever fully resolving questions like those, journalism will return to its comfort zone during the Biden administration. The press will be free from Trump\u2019s repeated <a href=\"https:\/\/cpj.org\/reports\/2020\/04\/trump-media-attacks-credibility-leaks\/\">attacks on its credibility<\/a> and will no longer have to grapple with how to cover the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.minnpost.com\/eric-black-ink\/2020\/05\/how-trumps-norm-breaking-behavior-is-affecting-journalistic-norms\/\">norm-breaking<\/a> Trump administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>THE FIRST HUNDRED DAYS<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Every presidential administration since FDR has been expected to use its <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/a-presidents-first-100-days-really-do-matter\/\">first hundred days<\/a> to rack up accomplishments and embark on an ambitious legislative agenda. Biden\u2019s first hundred are likely to be largely absorbed by his Covid-19 response. But Obama, too, was dealt a bad hand \u2013 two wars and a financial crisis \u2013 and still <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/0501_obama_mgi.pdf\">dabbled<\/a> in trying to close Guantanamo Bay and preserve climate change treaties, among other things, within his first hundred days. Obama, however, had majorities at the outset in both chambers of Congress. Democrats&#8217; disappointing failure to take control of the Senate <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/business\/2020\/11\/with-the-senate-a-biden-administration-will-be-crippled-before-it-begins.html\">rules out<\/a> progressive objectives like D.C.\/P.R. statehood or Supreme Court packing; President Biden will be <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/business\/2020\/11\/with-the-senate-a-biden-administration-will-be-crippled-before-it-begins.html\">confined<\/a> largely to the realm of executive orders for his first two years (if not more).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nonetheless, as best he can, Biden will immediately begin implementing his comprehensive <a href=\"https:\/\/joebiden.com\/covid19\/\">Covid-19 plan<\/a>, which includes huge investments in testing (including at-home testing) and PPE distribution as well as a national mask mandate. Another top priority will be the economy more directly. He plans to extend aid to state and local governments and broaden unemployment insurance, among <a href=\"https:\/\/joebiden.com\/build-back-better\/\">other measures<\/a>. Other issues which were major campaign questions, like Supreme Court packing, will be conspicuously absent from his first hundred days. He <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/09\/26\/us\/politics\/biden-supreme-court-confirmation.html\">reveres institutional tradition<\/a>, and given Republican control of the Senate he is unlikely to try to pack the Supreme Court or make major changes like term limits. His \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/10\/22\/926607920\/asked-about-court-packing-biden-says-he-will-convene-commission-to-study-reforms\">commission to study reforms<\/a>,\u201d if it materializes, is unlikely to result in any. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another thorny question Biden will hope to avoid is what to do about Donald Trump. Progressives will want to investigate the Trump administration and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/magazine\/2020\/10\/01\/after-trump-prosecute-president-office-bauer-goldsmith-book-424580\">pursue Trump himself for prosecution<\/a>. Biden, who was in his first term in the Senate when Gerald Ford <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/ford-pardons-nixon\">infamously<\/a> pardoned Richard Nixon after Watergate, has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2020\/05\/15\/joe-biden-pledges-not-to-pardon-trump-260147\">promised<\/a> not to pardon Donald Trump as president. Publicly, he will leave the question of whether to prosecute Trump to his Attorney General, but as a skilled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2010\/10\/the-salesman\/308226\/\">political salesman<\/a>, he will do everything he can not to let lingering questions about Donald Trump distract from his own presidency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>THE NEXT FOUR YEARS<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biden\u2019s goal over the next four years will be to set up the Democratic party for the future. He will need to walk a fine line to please both the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2020\/10\/20\/progressives-who-support-biden-now-must-be-ready-push-him-later\/\">increasingly vocal<\/a> left wing of the party and the moderates who will remember his 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salon.com\/2019\/06\/19\/joe-biden-to-rich-donors-nothing-would-fundamentally-change-if-hes-elected\/\">promise<\/a> that \u201cnothing would fundamentally change\u201d if he were elected. His policies will likely disappoint the left but achieve and build upon some unrealized goals of the Obama administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Foremost of these, and one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-issues-should-the-2020-democratic-candidates-be-talking-about\/\">most important issues<\/a> to voters, is healthcare. Biden has promised to build on the successes of the Affordable Care Act to introduce \u201cBidencare,\u201d a <a href=\"https:\/\/joebiden.com\/healthcare\/\">public health insurance option<\/a> like Medicare, while increasing health insurance tax credits and attempting to protect preexisting conditions. Apart from that, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2020\/5\/26\/21257648\/joe-biden-climate-economy-tax-plans\">hopes to<\/a> increase the federal minimum wage to $15\/hour, eliminate tuition at public colleges for students from households earning less than $125,000, and triple the money the federal government sends to low-income schools. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These would be meaningful, if incremental, changes, which could allow the Biden administration to preserve a fragile electoral coalition and lead the party toward success in 2022, 2024, and beyond. In May he began referring to himself as a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.detroitnews.com\/story\/news\/politics\/2020\/05\/17\/biden-one-term-vice-president\/111789924\/\">transition candidate,\u201d<\/a> and the choice of Kamala Harris as his running mate was an olive branch to the next generation of the Democratic party. But as his polling looked favorable in recent months, his tune shifted: he said in August that he would <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2020\/aug\/23\/joe-biden-november-election-second-term\">\u201cabsolutely\u201d<\/a> be open to running for another term. (In 2024, he\u2019ll be 82.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>V. EPILOGUE<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Election morning, Biden <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/politics\/biden-visits-beau-attends-church-election-day\">visited<\/a> Beau\u2019s grave in Wilmington as well as his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.delawareonline.com\/story\/news\/local\/2018\/05\/02\/former-home-joe-biden-built-1723-up-sale-newark\/566793002\/\">childhood home<\/a>. On the wall of the house he grew up in \u2013 before his four-decade Senate career, before his two terms as vice president, before three presidential runs (one successful), before the tragic deaths of a wife and two children, he wrote the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2020\/11\/03\/joe-biden-signs-wall-of-childhood-home-433933\">following<\/a>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em><strong>\u201cFrom this house to the White House with the grace of God. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em><strong>Joe Biden 11-3-2020<\/strong><\/em>&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"534\" src=\"http:\/\/104.131.56.60\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/JoeBidenFeb2020resized.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/JoeBidenFeb2020resized.jpg 400w, https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/11\/JoeBidenFeb2020resized-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption>Biden in February 2020 (Photo: Wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cThe election ain\u2019t over until every vote is counted,\u201d Joe Biden said to a drive-in crowd of supporters 12:45 a.m. Wednesday in his hometown of Wilmington, Delaware. \u201cEvery time I walked out of my grandpa\u2019s house in Scranton, he would say, \u2018Joe, keep the faith.\u2019\u201d We kept the faith, and Joe has won. Democrats\u2019 lofty [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":610,"featured_media":3582,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[29],"class_list":{"0":"post-5283","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-united-states","8":"tag-2020-election","9":"entry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5283","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/610"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5283"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5283\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3582"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5283"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5283"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/students.bowdoin.edu\/bowdoin-review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5283"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}